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The ondes Martenot ( or ; , "Martenot waves"), also known as the ondium Martenot, Martenot and ondes musicales, is an early electronic musical instrument invented in 1928 by Maurice Martenot. The original design was similar in sound to the theremin.〔K.D. Skeldon, L.M. Reid, V. McInally, B. Dougan, C. Fulton: "Physics of the Theremin", ''American Journal of Physics'' 66 (1998) 11:945–55.〕 The sonic capabilities of the instrument were later expanded by the addition of timbral controls and switchable loudspeakers. The instrument's eerie wavering notes are produced by varying the frequency of oscillation in vacuum tubes. The production of the instrument stopped in 1988, but several conservatories in France still offer tuition to students of the instrument.〔Thomas Bloch, insert notes to Naxos Records CD 8.555779 "Music for ondes Martenot", p. 9〕 In 1997 the Ondéa project began designing an instrument based on the ondes Martenot. Since the Martenot name is still protected, the new instrument is called ''Ondéa'', but has the playing and operational characteristics of the original ondes Martenot. In 2001 a completed prototype was first used in concerts. These instruments have been in regular use since 2005.〔(Timeline of the Ondéa replica development ).〕〔(Extensive (21 pages) documentation on the Ondéa (Ondes Martenot replica) ) (in French).〕 Since 2008 Jean-Loup Dierstein, with the support of Maurice Martenot's son, has been developing a new, officially named ondes Musicales instrument based on the model used when production stopped in 1988.〔("Ondes Martenot" on Thomasbloch.net )〕 ==In classical music== The ondes Martenot has been used by many composers, most notably Olivier Messiaen. He first used it in the ''Fête des Belles Eaux'' for six ondes, written for the 1937 International World's Fair in Paris and then used it in several of his works, including the ''Turangalîla-Symphonie'' and ''Trois Petites Liturgies de la Présence Divine''. His opera ''Saint-François d'Assise'' requires three of the instruments. The composer's widow, Yvonne Loriod-Messiaen arranged and edited four unpublished ''Feuillets inedits'' for ondes Martenot and piano which were published in 2001.〔Bloch, p. 7.〕 The ondes Martenot has also been used occasionally in transcriptions: Leopold Stokowski used the instrument in his ethereal orchestration of Buxtehude's Sarabande and Courante ("Auf Meinen Lieben Gott"). Other notable composers who have employed the ondes Martenot in their works include Charles Koechlin, Edgard Varèse (as a replacement for two theremin instruments in his work ''Ecuatorial''), Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud, Cemal Reşit Rey, Maurice Jarre, Sylvano Bussotti, Giacinto Scelsi, Marcel Landowski, Karel Goeyvaerts, Pierre Boulez, Tristan Murail, Miklós Rózsa, Henri Tomasi, and Frank Zappa. André Jolivet wrote a prominent concerto for it in 1947.〔Hilda Jolivet: ''Avec André Jolivet'' (Flammarion, 1978), pp. 188-190〕 Bohuslav Martinů authorized the adaptation of his ''Fantasie'' to the use of the ondes Martenot when it proved difficult to perform on the Theremin, for which it was originally written.〔Bloch, p. 8〕 Estimates of the number of works written for ondes Martenot vary. Hugh Davies reckoned there to be around a thousand works composed for the instrument, although Jeanne Loriod's figures are the more widely quoted: she estimated that there were 15 concertos and 300 pieces of chamber music.〔Both are cited in Douglas Martin, "(Jeanne Loriod, Who Transformed Electronic Wails Into Heartfelt Music, Dies at 73 )", ''New York Times'' (19 August 2001).〕 Jacques Tchamkerten's provisional catalogue of works for ondes, included in the current reprinting of Loriod's ''Technique'', lists far fewer works than either of these figures.〔Jacques Tchamkerten: catalogue of works for ondes Martenot in Jeanne Loriod: ''Technique de l'onde electronique type Martenot'', vol. 2 (Leduc)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「ondes martenot」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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